Academic Projects

In this study, two phase-reconfigurable intelligent metasurface (envelope shaped and hexagonal-shaped) is introduced for precise self-adaptive control of the spatial electromagnetic reflection spectrum under agile frequency, operating in the microwave regime. The phase variation of these metasurface is targeted towards the band of 5.8 GHz for its wide range of applications. For the space control of intelligent phase reconfigurable metasur face system, self-adaptive multiple frequency agilities can be realized by a RIS control system by applyling proper voltage to individual varactor diodes to precisely tune the metasurface to efficiently redirect the beam at arbitrary azimuthal and elevation angle. This report is orgazined in three distinct sections. The article commences with a com prehensive literature review, which is then followed by the unit cell design and results related to the Envelope-shaped metasurface. The following part discusses the unit cell design and shows the results of the Hexagonal SRR. Finally, the report concludes with a comparison table of two of the designs. 

This project demonstrates solving higher-order ODEs using Euler and Runge-Kutta methods in MATLAB. It introduces numerical techniques for approximating solutions where analytical methods fall short. Euler’s method is applied to basic ODEs, while RK-2 and RK-4 offer improved accuracy. A mass-spring-damper system models real-world dynamics and is solved using RK-4. MATLAB scripts allow parameter tuning and visualize damping effects. Graphs show system behavior under different damping conditions. The project highlights the impact of step size and method choice on solution precision. It emphasizes the value of numerical methods in engineering analysis. Overall, this project tries to blend theory, computation, and application in a clear, hands-on approach.

A distance measurement system helps to anticipate the position of objects in the lane, prevents collisions and improves the safety on the road. For this purpose, distance measurement systems (DMS) including vision-based techniques, millimeter wave radars, infrared ranging, and LIDAR are used in the automotive industry. This project aims to implement a simple distance measurement system with ultrasonic sensor driven by analog electronics and eliminating any need for micro-controllers. The distance of an object from the sensor is determined by the echo signal provided by the sensor and the output is then shown using a led bar graph, indicating the distance of the object from the sensor. The project includes meticulous integration of 555 timer IC to complete generate pulses that is required to drive the HCSR04 sensor, and the output of the sensor, generated by electrical pulse, is then amplified and further characterized by three different voltage levels to estimate the distance of the object from the sensor.

This project presents a comparative analysis of 6T, 7T, and 8T SRAM cell architectures implemented using 90nm CMOS technology, with a focus on optimizing memory performance for modern VLSI systems. By evaluating key parameters such as power consumption, area efficiency, read/write stability, and leakage currents, the study aims to identify trade-offs and advantages inherent in each design. The 6T cell, widely adopted for its compactness, is contrasted with the 7T and 8T variants that introduce additional transistors to enhance data stability and reduce dynamic power. Simulation results using Cadence Virtuoso provide insight into how each topology behaves under scaled voltage and process variations. The findings offer valuable guidance for designers seeking to balance speed, reliability, and silicon real estate in SRAM-intensive applications.

References:
[1] A. Jaiswal, I. Chakraborty, A. Agrawal and K. Roy, "8T SRAM Cell as a Multibit Dot-Product Engine for Beyond Von Neumann Computing" in IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 2556-2567, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TVLSI.2019.2929245.

This project presents the design and implementation of a smart washing machine controller tailored for modern automated laundry systems. The controller manages key operational states—check, fill water, add detergent, cycle, drain, and spin—across two distinct modes: water wash and soap wash, each with its own flow logic. At its core lies a finite state machine (FSM) that interprets inputs from users, timers, and sensors to control hardware components. The RTL design was developed using Verilog HDL in Quartus, followed by simulation through a dedicated testbench. Synthesis was performed using Genus, yielding a schematic and power metrics including a total power of 1.05 × 10⁻². The IC layout was crafted in Innovus with proper constraints and cell placements. Static timing analysis (STA) reports were generated and violations resolved both before and after clock tree synthesis and routing. Final physical verification ensured compliance through DRC, geometry, connectivity, and ARC checks. This comprehensive flow demonstrates a robust and efficient embedded system for smart appliance control.

Home automation using Android offers a smart, user-friendly solution for controlling household appliances via mobile devices. This project integrates an Android app with an Arduino microcontroller and HC-05 Bluetooth module to enable wireless control of lights, fans, sockets, and door locks. Users can access the system through a password-protected interface and receive real-time status updates. The Arduino communicates with the app using serial data through Tx/Rx pins. A DC motor driver (L298N) powers a fan, while LEDs represent lighting and socket control. Each device responds to button presses in the app, visually confirming successful operations. A servo motor handles door locking, rotating between 0° and 180° to open or close. The system demonstrates efficient use of embedded hardware and mobile software for secure, automated living. Overall, it showcases the versatility of Arduino in real-world IoT applications.

The downloadable apk can be found here.

This project explores the use of MATLAB for digital filter design to isolate musical instruments from audio signals. It begins by analyzing a non-overlapping .wav file containing guitar, piano, trumpet, and violin sounds, identifying each instrument’s frequency range through spectral analysis. A second file with overlapping sounds is then processed using bandpass FIR filters, each tailored to the specific frequency band of an instrument. The filtered outputs are saved as separate audio files and visualized in both time and frequency domains. This hands-on approach demonstrates how digital signal processing techniques can effectively separate and analyze complex audio signals, reinforcing key concepts in filter design and frequency domain analysis.

This project presents a command-line based Travel Agency Management System developed in C++ to streamline essential operations such as booking, tracking, and managing travel trips. Designed for terminal environments like Bash or PowerShell, the system allows an admin to perform CRUD operations on customer and trip data through an interactive menu-driven interface. Users can create new travel trips, assign them to customers, and edit or delete existing records. Although it does not include a graphical user interface, the project lays the groundwork for future GUI development. With modular code architecture and practical use of classes, vectors, and file handling, the system serves as a functional prototype for managing travel agency workflows efficiently.